The figure of the Indian Maid is a figure of historical and literary tropes but also of contemporary political mobilization against labor abuses, racial humiliation, and sexual violence. In some moments la bilingüe becomes a metonym that stands in for racial and gender alterity, including when la bilingüe denotes a racialized, gendered, wage-labor category-the domestic servant working in the home of wealthy whites. I examine both ethnographic and mediatized moments in which bilingualism and its traces contribute to the contours of racialized humiliation or, alternately, antiracist ethnic affirmation. The study also takes into account data from an interview with the artist and social media to gain insights into issues of authenticity and cultural appropriation.Ī B S T R A C T This article examines how gender becomes tied together with emblems of racial, linguistic, and class difference in highland Bolivia. This genre-based study looks at how the artist constructs a feminist glocal identity through a combination of song lyrics, musical style, cultural iconography, body decoration, gesture and film techniques that localize the oppositional super-vernacular of Chicano rap while challenging discourses of patriarchy and nationalism. Drawing on studies of music videos, TV ads, and film in cultural and media studies and multimodal studies, this paper examines an under-researched area of hip hop, the global spread of Chicano rap, by conducting a multilingual, multimodal critical discourse analysis of several videos by Mona AKA Sad Girl, a Japanese rapper whose lyrics switch between Japanese, Spanish, and English. Sociolinguistic studies on the globalization of hip hop have focused on multilingual lyrics as emblematic of superdiversity and hybrid identity, but the multimodal turn in sociolinguistics suggests the need to consider how lyrics interact with musical and visual features.
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